.  Letterspacing  and  leading—  You  can  adjust space   both   horizontally   and   vertically. Letterspacing  refers  to  the  addition  of  small spaces  between  l|e|t|t|e|r|s  within  a  word. Leading refers to the space added between lines of material. You  can  create  an  index  or  table  of  contents  by marking special words for an index or use headings and sideheadings to make a table of contents. Desktop Publishing Layout Layout involves arranging the text and graphics on the page. The text may flow from column to column on multicolumn documents like the newspaper. You may have  to  move  text  from  one  part  of  a  document  to another using the electronic pasting features. You can incorporate  illustrations  on  a  page  with  text.  Borders may be drawn around text or illustrations. Illustrations may be sized (made smaller or larger), and additional letter spacing and leading may be added to create a full page.   To   lay   out   a   pleasing   document   requires experience  and  practice  as  well  as  a  good  eye  for balance. You will find the following features in most desktop publishing packages: l l l l l Lay out pages and edit page layouts—  You can lay out pages electronically, rather than having to cut and paste using scissors and glue. Incorporate  text  and  graphics—  Your text and graphics can be electronically merged together in the layout. Multiple   columns,   column   widths,   and heights—  The  software  automatically  formats multiple   columns   on   continued   pages.   You specify how many columns are to be on a page and the amount of gutter space desired. Gutter space is the amount of space between columns. Vertical/horizontal printing— Material can be printed  either  vertically  or  horizontally  on  a sheet  of  paper. Fit copy to page— You can fit the copy to a page either  by  reducing  the  type  size,  increasing  or decreasing  borders  or  margins,  and  any  other number   of   creative   ways   you   can   come   up with-changing   the   size   of   an   illustration, cutting  off  (cropping)  an  illustration,  or  even rewording some of the text. Automatic  page  numbering—  You  can  have the software automatically number the pages. Headers  and  footers—   You  can  also  have appropriate  headers  (titles)  at  the  top  of  every page  and  footers  at  the  bottom  of  every  page. Headers  or  footers  can  usually  include  page numbers. Desktop Publishing Graphics Desktop  publishing  packages  have  the  capability  to scan   or   import   illustrations/graphics   either   from hardcopy   or   from   digital   data.   The   following   are graphics   features   you   can   expect   to   find   in   DTP packages: l l l l Graphic images— You can add images, borders, lines, arrows, and so on, of various sizes to the text. Shrink/expand  and  edit  images—   You  can reduce or enlarge images to fit in a desired space. If necessary, the images can be altered or edited. Accept  images  from  scanners  or  other  draw programs—   You  can  import  images  from  a scanner  or  digitizer. These  images  can  be  in either text or graphic form. Images can also be imported   from   either   a   paint   or   draw-type graphics package. Layered output for color printing—  You can create  camera-ready  copy  for  color  separation work   when   an   outside   printing   process   is required. Color work is done by creating up to as many as four film negatives (one for each of the primary   colors—red,   yellow,   and   blue)   plus black. Each negative is used to create a separate printing plate for each color. Then, as the colors are   overprinted,   the   color   of   the   original photograph is reproduced. Hardware  Requirements Unlike  the  software  packages  previously  discussed, desktop  publishing  packages  (and  graphics  software packages) require a considerable amount of resources. To give you a better idea of what we are talking about, the following are hardware requirements: At a minimum, you will need .  Microprocessor— a 486 sixteen-bit microprocessor or equivalent. A Pentium or 586 (or equivalent) is even better. 3-16